Informe GEPEC é uma revista científica de acesso aberto, com avaliação duplo cega, que publica textos teóricos e empíricos na área de desenvolvimento regional, desenvolvimento territorial e desenvolvimento rural. Ela é editada desde 1996, conjuntamente pelo Programa de Pós-Graduação em Desenvolvimento Regional e Agronegócio (Mestrado e Doutorado), Programa de Pós-Graduação Economia (Mestrado), Grupo de Pesquisas em Desenvolvimento Regional e Agronegócio e o Colegiado de Economia, do Centro de Ciências Sociais Aplicadas da Universidade Estadual do Oeste do Paraná (UNIOESTE) — Campus de Toledo. The Informe GEPEC Journal is an open access scientific journal, double-blind review, that publishes theoretical and empirical texts in the area of territorial development, regional development and rural development. It has been edited since 1996 jointly by the Postgraduate Program in Regional Development and Agribusiness (Master's and Doctorate), the Postgraduate Program in Economics (Master's), Research Group on Regional Development and Agribusiness and the Economics College of the Applied Social Sciences Center at the Paraná Western State University (UNIOESTE) in Brazil. Informe GEPEC es una revista científica de acceso abierto, evaluación doble ciego, que publica textos teóricos y empíricos en el área de desarrollo regional y territorial y desarrollo rural. Es editado desde 1996 conjuntamente por el Programa de Posgrado en Desarrollo Regional y Agronegocios (Maestría y Doctorado), el Programa de Posgrado en Economía (Maestría), Grupo de Investigación en Desarrollo Regional y Agronegocios y el Colegiado de Economía del Centro de Ciencias Sociales Aplcadas de la Universidad Estatal del Oeste de Paraná (UNIOESTE) — Campus de Toledo - en Brasil.
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DIAGNOSIS OF THE COLLECTION OF EMPTY PESTICIDE PACKAGING IN THE STATE OF GOIÁS, BRAZIL
The issue addressed is the inadequate management of pesticide packaging, which can result in environmental and public health damage. The return of empty pesticide containers in the state of Goiás was analyzed to evaluate the efficiency of reverse logistics and identify areas for improvement. The hypothesis is that the return rate of packaging in the state of Goiás aligns with the national average, but there are significant regional variations. A methodology based on the analysis of data provided by the National Institute for Processing Empty Packages (INPEV) for the years 2020 to 2023 was utilized. The results showed that reverse logistics in the state is in line with the national average, with a return rate of 78%. The collection centers are well distributed throughout the territory of Goiás. However, the region of Luziânia showed a decrease in collections despite high agricultural production, indicating the need for stricter enforcement policies and targeted awareness campaigns. It is concluded that, although the state of Goiás has good collection infrastructure, there are areas that require more attention to ensure the proper return of empty pesticide containers.
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The Vicious Circle of Underdevelopment of Municipalities of the Southern Border Region of Mato Grosso do Sul-Brazil
This article analyzes the development conditions of municipalities in the Southern Border region of the state of Mato Grosso do Sul, between 2005 and 2016. For this purpose, the Firjan Municipal Development Index (IFDM) was adopted, using as a methodological parameter the “Informe sobre Desarrollo Humano” published in Mexico, in 2002, which classifies municipalities as follows: a) tending towards growth; b) tending towards development; c) vicious circle; and d) virtuous circle. The analysis was carried out in two stages. First, the dynamics of the population, formal employment, and the overall IFDM of the studied municipalities were examined. Subsequently, the analysis was conducted through two approaches: the intraregional approach, which compares the IFDM of each municipality with the regional IFDM average, and the interregional approach, which compares the IFDM of each municipality with the state's IFDM average. The results show that the population is spatially concentrated in the region, particularly in the municipalities of Ponta Porã and Amambai. They also reveal that formal employment in the region increased by around 60% during the period, with the overall IFDM showing a slight improvement in Ponta Porã, Aral Moreira, and Amambai. The intraregional approach indicates a certain equalization of development within the region, with only Tacuru and Sete Quedas remaining in the vicious circle condition. However, the interregional analysis reveals precarious development conditions in the region, with a vicious circle of underdevelopment observed in eight of the nine studied municipalities.
ECONOMIC VIABILITY OF PLANTING AFRICAN MAHOGANY IN THE CAMPO DAS VERTENTES REGION OF MINAS GERAIS
Planting exotic forest species is a viable economic alternative for small and medium-sized rural properties. However, the activity is still not widespread due to uncertainties regarding economic viability. This study analyzed the economic viability of planting African mahogany in the Campo das Vertentes region, Minas Gerais (MG). A mixed plantation of Khaya grandifoliola and Khaya senegalensis was used, planted in October 2020, in an area of 2.1 hectares, with 3x2 m spacing and three thinning cycles at 5, 10 and 15 years, as well as clear-cutting in the twentieth year. The financial indicators analyzed were cost per hectare, net present value (NPV), internal rate of return (IRR), average cost of production (OCP), equivalent annual value (EAV), and the benefit/cost ratio (B/C), accompanied by a sensitivity analysis. The results indicated that planting African mahogany is economically viable. The sensitivity analysis showed that the variables “interest rate” and “timber marketing price” have a significant impact on viability, while the cost of preparing the area had minimal influence. Therefore, planting African mahogany is a promising alternative for rural investments in the region.
FATORES ECONÔMICOS E PRODUTIVOS DETERMINANTES DO MONOPÓLIO DA SOJA COMO MATÉRIA-PRIMA PARA PRODUÇÃO DE BIODIESEL EM MATO GROSSO
This study analyzes biodiesel production in Mato Grosso between 2006 and 2024, focusing on the economic and productive factors that support the monopoly of soy as the main raw material. It is justified by the state's relevance as the largest soybean producer in Brazil and the need to diversify the agroenergy matrix, mitigating economic and environmental risks associated with dependence on a single source. The research adopts a mixed approach, with quantitative analysis based on multiple linear regression and econometric methods, such as multicollinearity, heteroscedasticity and autocorrelation tests, in addition to qualitative analysis to contextualize the results. The results indicated that the cost of soybean production and the increase in biodiesel percentages have a positive and significant correlation with biodiesel production, reflecting greater production efficiency and favorable public policies. On the other hand, the price of a bag of soybeans showed a negative correlation, suggesting that the increase in raw material costs discourages its use. It is concluded that dependence on soy as a raw material is deeply rooted in economic and structural factors, but diversification and innovation strategies are essential to increase the resilience and sustainability of the biodiesel sector in Mato Grosso.
INTRAMETROPOLITAN MIGRATION: EVIDENCE FOR THE METROPOLIS OF CEARÁ
This study aims to analyze and compare intrametropolitan migrations in the metropolises of Ceará (RMF, RM Cariri and RM Sobral), based on three flows: core → periphery; periphery → core and periphery → periphery. Microdata from the 2010 Demographic Census, provided by the Brazilian Institute of Geography and Statistics (IBGE) are the main source of information. The results indicate that, regarding migration in the RMF, Fortaleza, in 2010, lost population to its surroundings, indicating a possible tendency towards demetropolization. Regarding RM Cariri, the metropolis has the CRAJUBAR conurbation (Crato, Juazeiro do Norte and Barbalha), showing strong interaction, whether economic or migratory. Regarding migrations in RM Sobral, they were centralized in Sobral, which concentrates the majority of economic activities, jobs and services, with the other dependent municipalities, therefore, it is the one that least presents characteristics of a metropolis.
ANÁLISE DA COMPETITIVIDADE DAS EXPORTAÇÕES DE PEDRAS PRECIOSAS DOS MUNICÍPIOS BRASILEIROS (2010-2024)
Gemstone production in Brazil represents a significant portion of the world, with exports directed to various international markets. In this context, this study analyzed the competitiveness of Brazilian municipalities that export gemstones. A quantitative approach was adopted, based on the calculation of the Revealed Comparative Advantage Index (RCI) and the Relative Position Index (RPI), complemented by the analysis of the performance matrix as proposed by Farias and Farias (2018). We conducted an exploratory qualitative review, based on secondary data and a literature review. The results indicated heterogeneity in competitiveness among municipalities, with some traditional centers maintaining a revealed comparative advantage, while other locations showed signs of growth, indicating potential for expanding their participation in the international market. It is concluded that the competitiveness of Brazilian municipalities in the production of precious stones is strongly determined by internal and external economic factors, highlighting the relevance of local strategies for strengthening the sector.
SPECIALIZATION OF THE PRODUCTIVE STRUCTURE IN RIO DE JANEIRO FROM 2002 TO 2022
This work aims to analyze the specialization of the productive structure in the state of Rio de Janeiro between 2002 and 2022, using a quantitative approach and IBGE data, followed by a descriptive analysis of the data collected, including the calculation of the Locational Quotient (QL) for economic activities in the municipalities of Rio de Janeiro. The results indicate a population concentration in the urban area of the region and an increase in the number of formal jobs, especially in the service sector. In addition, the regional specializations were different: the North of Rio de Janeiro stands out in mineral extraction, while the Baixada Litorânea and the Northwest of Rio de Janeiro specialize in non-metallic mineral products, and the South of Rio de Janeiro focuses on the metallurgical industry and transportation. The Metropolitan Region, in turn, is characterized by a diversity of subsectors, without a predominant specialization. These activities are responsible for most of the workforce employed in the municipalities studied, with emphasis on the diversification and regional specialization of economic activities in the state.
INCOME DISTRIBUTION, POVERTY AND LABOR MARKET
The objective of this article is to analyze the evolution of income distribution, poverty and the job market in Paraná, considering the segmentation of sex and race. Information from the Continuous National Household Sample Survey (PNADC) of IBGE is used, for the period from 2012 to 2023. The results of the work show that the trajectory of falling inequalities and improvements in the labor market at the beginning of the period is interrupted by the crisis of the mid-2010s. It was observed that the 2017 labor reform failed to reduce informality as expected. Furthermore, the pandemic also has a strong impact on the social well-being of people from Paraná. Despite some advances, it was still not possible to surpass the levels obtained at the beginning of the period in some indicators, such as in the case of extreme poverty. Inequalities between men and women become evident when considering, for example, household and labor market earnings and job supply. Furthermore, inequalities based on color or race are also revealed, notably in income and incidence of poverty. Also noteworthy is the increase in women in the position of heads, who in 2023 will be responsible for half of households. Given this evidence, it is suggested to expand public policies social and job market inequalities in Paraná, notably gender and color or race.
Agricultural Sustainability of Acerola Cultivation in the Vale do Jaguaribe Region, Ceará
In Brazil, organic agriculture has been expanding as a sustainable production system capable of optimizing natural and socioeconomic resources, promoting self-sufficiency, and eliminating the use of pesticides and chemical inputs. In this context, it emerges as an alternative to the conventional model, mitigating the impacts of agricultural modernization. This study analyzes the effects of agroecological transition on environmental management and the annual revenue per hectare of organic acerola producers in the Vale do Jaguaribe region, Ceará. To this end, the Environmental Management Index (IGA) was measured, followed by tabular analyses and parametric and non-parametric statistical tests to compare conventional and organic acerola producers. The results indicate that organic producers demonstrated better environmental management, achieving a high level of environmental sustainability, while the conventional group remained at a medium level. Additionally, it was found that organic producers achieve higher revenue per hectare of acerola compared to conventional producers.
DINÂMICA ESPACIAL E SOCIOECONÔMICA DA AVICULTURA NO ESTADO DO PARANÁ
This study aimed to identify and characterize the socioeconomic and productive specificities of municipalities in the state of Paraná specialized in the commercial production of poultry for meat and egg production. The research was based on data from the 2017 Agricultural Census, employing the Location Quotient, Principal Component Analysis, and Cluster Analysis to identify specialization patterns and municipal groupings. The results revealed the existence of 62 municipalities specialized in commercial egg production and 98 municipalities specialized in the commercial production of chickens, roosters, broilers, pullets, and chicks (GFP). For both activities, production was spatially concentrated in the Western, Southwestern, and North-Central mesoregions of the state. Cluster analysis identified four distinct groups of municipalities specialized in egg production and four groups specialized in GFP production. In both cases, the groups differed in terms of specialization levels, the participation of family and non-family farming in commercial production, and producers’ access to cooperatives and rural credit. The findings indicate that poultry farming in Paraná is marked by significant socioeconomic and productive diversity, both across and within mesoregions.
THE IMPACTS OF SOCIODEMOGRAPHIC CHARACTERISTICS ON ACCESS TO UTILITY SERVICES IN BRAZIL
The aim of this study is to assess the sociodemographic determinants that drive the access to utilities in Brazilian households. We employ the Brazilian household budget survey (POF 2017-2018) and then we estimate a multivariate probit. Our results show how regional heterogeneity is one of the main drivers of access to more essential utilities, such as electricity, water, and sewage. Furthermore, income and ethnicity also play a role as determining the accessibility to utilities, which reinforces the hypothesis of racial inequalities in Brazil. On the other hand, family size and composition were evidenced as minor determinants on the acquisition of utilities. We show how Brazil has a critical need of public policies that promote the access to utilities in northern regions.
MIGRAÇÃO JUVENIL DO MEIO RURAL PARA O URBANO EM UM PEQUENO MUNICÍPIO DO OESTE DO PARANÁ
This article presents a study on the migration of young people from rural areas to urban areas, with the aim of analyzing their characteristics, motivations and consequences for family farming and rural development. The research was conducted in the municipality of Serranópolis do Iguaçu/PR, through the application of structured questionnaires to 32 young migrants. The results revealed that the majority of young people were female and had varied levels of education, with emphasis on lato sensu postgraduate studies. The main motivations for migration included the search for better work and study opportunities, improved living conditions and less strenuous work. Although many young people still value the countryside, the lack of successors on rural properties and the absence of adequate financial reward were influential factors in their decision to migrate. These findings highlight the need for public policies and strategies aimed at the sustainable development of rural areas, in order to ensure the permanence of young people in this environment. Keywords: Rural Exodus. Rural Youth. Serranópolis do Iguaçu. Rural Development. Family farming.
EVALUATION OF THE CAPITAL STRUCTURE OF BRAZILIAN AGRICULTURAL COOPERATIVES
The economic efficiency of cooperatives faces several challenges, including the integration of capital into their operating turnover. In order to operate efficiently and protect themselves from uncertain events, cooperatives need to establish an adequate level of debt and own resources. This study aimed to analyze the evolution of the capital structure of 27 Brazilian agricultural cooperatives between 2018 and 2022, based on economic and financial reports and the static comparison method, including 27 performance metrics between three groups subdivided by net worth (NE) size. The methodology used ANOVA and multiple regression to analyze the relationship between capital structure and debt metrics. It was assumed that debt behaves differently according to the size of the cooperatives. ANOVA identified significant discrepancies in financial metrics between cooperatives of different sizes. The regression results showed that cooperatives with lower net worth rely more on equity to finance their operations and investments. In comparison, those with higher net worth mostly use higher leverage, indicating that dependence on third-party capital still predominates. The minWACC analysis showed that a balanced capital structure can optimize the cost of capital and maximize net profits, benefiting cooperative members in the long term and resulting in a more adjusted valuation of cooperatives. Future research on maximizing present value and minimizing the cost of capital is recommended to complement the understanding of the capital structure of agricultural cooperatives, making it possible to infer whether minimization incurs the maximization approach so that the desired combination of debt and equity minimizes the cost of capital.
PADRÃO DE ESPECIALIZAÇÃO DA CELULOSE BRASILEIRA E DE SEUS PRINCIPAIS CONCORRENTES NO MERCADO INTERNACIONAL
Esta pesquisa analisou o padrão de especialização da celulose brasileira e de seus principais concorrentes no mercado internacional. Especificamente, estimou-se a competitividade do comércio internacional da celulose brasileira, de 1992 a 2022, pelos índices vantagem comparativa revelada e desvantagem comparativa revelada e analisada a matriz de especialização de Aquino. Verificou-se o Brasil, a Finlândia e o Chile são os países mais competitivos. Brasil, Canadá, Chile, Rússia e Suécia se mantiveram todo o período estudado na especialização interindustrial.
Uneven Development for Early Childhood in the Immediate Influence Region of Araguaína/TO
A pesquisa evidencia a importância do planejamento urbano na primeira infância, considerada uma janela de oportunidades que exige investimentos para garantir cuidados, proteção e desenvolvimento saudável às crianças. O objetivo foi mapear o desenvolvimento desigual na região de influência imediata de Araguaína/TO. Para tanto, foi constituído o índice de Necessidade de Planejamento Urbano para bebês, crianças de até 6 anos e seus cuidadores com o uso de dados secundários de saúde, educação, saneamento e meio ambiente, utilizando fontes como IBGE (2023), PROADESS (2020), RNPI (2020), Primeira Infância Primeiro (2020) e INFOSANBAS (2022). Fundamentada na Teoria do Desenvolvimento Desigual Geográfico, de Trotsky e Harvey, a análise revelou a precariedade das condições de vida na primeira infância na região, com desigualdades entre municípios de diferentes tamanhos e recursos. Araguaína, sendo uma cidade média com maior acesso a recursos, apresentou melhores resultados em comparação aos municípios menores.
PERFIL DO COOPERATIVISMO NA AGRICULTURA FAMILIAR NO ESTADO DO PARANÁ: UMA ANÁLISE A PARTIR DOS DADOS DO CENSO AGROPECUÁRIO DE 2017
The aim of this article was to describe the profile of cooperativism in family farming in the state of Paraná, based on the analysis of 2017 agricultural census data, highlighting the roles of social and collaborative organization in rural and regional development processes. To analyze the profile of family farmers associated with cooperatives, a descriptive approach was adopted as a methodological proposal, involving comparative statistics based on 2017 IBGE agricultural census data. The research identified that participation in cooperatives can be linked to characteristics such as farm size, producers' level of education, origin of income, technical assistance and gender. The results also indicate that cooperatives play a fundamental role in strengthening family farming, offering benefits such as production support, market building, access to technology and financial resources. However, research reveals challenges such as land concentration, gender inequality (with low participation of women in cooperatives), management improvement, market building, digitization, health requirements, support policies (ATER), cooperative formation and maintenance, and changing consolidated trajectories of cooperative forms.
ANÁLISE DA DISTRIBUIÇÃO DOS CONTRATOS DE CRÉDITO DO PRONAF ENTRE AS UNIDADES DA FEDERAÇÃO NOS PERÍODOS DE 2006, 2017 E 2020
O Programa Nacional de Fortalecimento da Agricultura Familiar (PRONAF) foi uma ação do governo federal no intuito de ampliar o acesso dos agricultores e agricultoras familiares as linhas de crédito, trabalhando com uma política que fosse direcionada ao segmento e que estimulasse a promoção conseguisse promover renda e emprego no campo, em especial, para os produtores mais vulneráveis, que apresentam uma baixa renda. Visto isso, este estudo buscou analisar a distribuição do valor dos contratos de crédito do PRONAF entre as unidades da Federação no período de 2006, 2017 e 2020, a fim de identificar se esta distribuição tem sido desigual e concentradora como previsto na literatura. Para tanto, realizou-se uma análise descritiva dos indicadores de concentração e desigualdade: razão de concentração (CR4), índice de Hirschman-Herfindahl (H-H), índice de Gini (G) e o índice T de Theil (T). Os resultados confirmaram a existência de uma acentuada desigualdade na distribuição dos recursos do PRONAF tanto para a atividade agrícola como pecuária, além de uma considerável concentração destes nas regiões mais desenvolvidas (como a região Centro-Sul do país).