Diferenças nas políticas de enfrentamento da COVID-19 entre países desenvolvidos e em desenvolvimento com relação aos indicadores de qualidade dos Sistemas de Saúde
DOI:
https://doi.org/10.48075/aes.v11i2.36500Palavras-chave:
COVID-19, Sistemas de Saúde, Políticas Públicas, Indicadores de Qualidade, Resposta à PandemiaResumo
A pandemia da COVID-19 evidenciou desigualdades estruturais e diferentes estratégias de enfrentamento entre países desenvolvidos e em desenvolvimento. Esta revisão de escopo analisou oito nações de distintos continentes (África do Sul, Austrália, Brasil, Canadá, Coreia do Sul, Holanda, Japão e Suécia), comparando políticas de contenção, financiamento e indicadores de qualidade dos sistemas de saúde. Os achados mostram que países com sistemas universalizados, bem financiados e tecnologicamente preparados, como Coreia do Sul, Japão, Austrália e Canadá, alcançaram menores taxas de mortalidade e ampla cobertura vacinal. Em contrapartida, Brasil e África do Sul enfrentaram maiores dificuldades, associadas a desigualdades sociais, limitações de infraestrutura e escassez de recursos humanos. Observou-se ainda heterogeneidade entre países desenvolvidos, como Holanda e Suécia, que adotaram estratégias distintas com resultados divergentes. Conclui-se que a resiliência dos sistemas de saúde depende não apenas de recursos financeiros, mas da alocação eficiente, governança transparente e respostas rápidas baseadas em evidências.
Referências
Zhao L, Jin Y, Zhou L, Yang P, Qian Y, Huang X, Min M. Evaluation of health system resilience in 60 countries based on their responses to COVID-19. Front Public Health. 2023 Jan 9;10:1081068. https://doi.org/10.3389/fpubh.2022.1081068
Moolla I, Hiilamo H. Health system characteristics and COVID-19 performance in high-income countries. BMC Health Serv Res. 2023;23:244. https://doi.org/10.1186/s12913-023-09206-z
Arsenault C, Gage A, Kim MK. COVID-19 and resilience of healthcare systems in ten countries. Nat Med. 2022;28:1314-24. https://doi.org/10.1038/s41591-022-01750-1
Levin AT, Owusu-Boaitey N, Pugh S, Fosdick BK, Zwi AB, Malani A, et al. Assessing the burden of COVID-19 in developing countries: systematic review, meta-analysis and public policy implications. BMJ Global Health. 2022;7:e008477. https://doi.org/10.1136/bmjgh-2022-008477
Giménez V, Prior D, Thieme C, Tortosa-Ausina E. International comparisons of COVID-19 pandemic management: What can be learned from activity analysis techniques? Omega. 2024 Jan;122:102966. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.omega.2023.102966
Paulo MS, Peyroteo M, Maia MR, Pries C, Habl C, et al. Impacts of public health and social measures on COVID-19 in Europe: a review and modified Delphi technique. Front Public Health. 2023;11:1226922. https://doi.org/10.3389/fpubh.2023.1226922
Blumenthal D, Gumas ED, Shah A, Gunja MZ, Williams II RD. Mirror, Mirror 2024: A portrait os the failing U.S. health system – comparing performance in 10 nations [Internet]. New York: The Commonwalth Fund; 2024 Sep 19 [cited 2025 May 14]. Available from: https://www.commonwealthfund.org/publications/fund-reports/2024/sep/mirror-mirror-2024.
Viacava F, Oliveira RA, Carvalho CC, Laguardia J, Bellido JG. SUS: oferta, acesso e utilização de serviços de saúde nos últimos 30 anos. Ciênc. saúde colet. 2018;23(6):1751-62. https://doi.org/10.1590/1413-81232018236.06022018
Agência Nacional de Saúde Suplementar (BR). Relatório de indicadores da saúde suplementar [Internet]. Rio de Janeiro: ANS; 2019 [cited 2025 Apr 14]. Available from: https://www.gov.br/ans/pt-br/acesso-a-informacao/perfil-do-setor/dados-e-indicadores-do-setor
World Health Organization (WHO). Global Health Observatory data repositor [Internet]. 2022. Available from: https://www.who.int/data/gho/data/indicators
Organisation for Economic Co-operation and Development (OECD). Health at a Glance 2021: OECD Indicators. Paris: OECD Publishing, 2021. Available from: https://www.oecd.org/en/publications/health-at-a-glance-2021_ae3016b9-en.html
Canadian Institute for Health Information. Health care in Canada, 2022. Available from: https://cihr-irsc.gc.ca/e/193.html
Korea Ministry of Health and Welfare. Annual health statistics report, 2022. Available from: https://data.who.int/countries/410
Australian Institute of Health and Welfare. Australia’s Health 2022. Available from: https://www.aihw.gov.au/reports/australias-health/australias-health-2022-in-brief/summary
National Institute of Population and Social Security Research, Japan. Population and health statistics report, 2022. Available from: https://www.ipss.go.jp/index-e.asp
Swedish National Board of Health and Welfare. Public health report, 2022. Available from: https://www.socialstyrelsen.se/en/statistics-and-data/statistics/statistics-subjects/statistics-on-covid-19/
Dutch Ministry of Health, Welfare and Sport. Healthcare performance report, 2022. Available from: https://english.zorginstituutnederland.nl/about-us/healthcare-in-the-netherlands
Peters MDJ, Marnie C, Tricco AC, Pollock D, Munn Z, Alexander L, et al. Updated methodological guidance for the conduct of scoping reviews. JBI Evid Synth. 2020 Oct;18(10):2119-2126. https://doi.org:10.11124/JBIES-20-00167
Tricco AC, Lillie E, Zarin W, O'Brien KK, Colquhoun H, Levac D, et al. PRISMA Extension for Scoping Reviews (PRISMA-ScR): Checklist and Explanation. Ann Intern Med. 2018 Oct 2;169(7):467-473. https://doi.org:10.7326/M18-0850
Moonasar D, Pillay A, Leonard E, Naidoo R, Mngemane S, Ramkrishna W, et al. COVID-19: lessons and experiences from South Africa's first surge. BMJ Glob Health. 2021 Feb;6(2):e004393. https://doi.org:10.1136/bmjgh-2020-004393
Nxumalo CT, Mchunu GG. A qualitative study to explore primary health care practitioners' perceptions and understanding regarding the COVID-19 pandemic in KwaZulu-Natal, South Africa. Afr J Prim Health Care Fam Med. 2021 Nov 26;13(1):e1-e11. https://doi.org:10.4102/phcfm.v13i1.3084
Mabuka T, Ncube N, Ross M, Silaji A, Macharia W, Ndemera T, et al. The impact of non-pharmaceutical interventions on the first COVID-19 epidemic wave in South Africa. BMC Public Health. 2023 Aug 5;23(1):1492. https://doi.org:10.1186/s12889-023-16162-0
Almeida BP, Vieira LG, Costa LND, Silva MPD, Dumith SC. Factors associated with excessive screen time in the Brazilian population: a panel study with 254.600 adults and elderly. Cien Saude Colet. 2025 Aug;30(8):e11592023. https://doi.org:10.1590/1413-81232025308.11592023
Silva VRD, Pacheco ES, Cardoso OO, Lima LHO, Rodrigues MTP, Mascarenhas MDM. Temporal trend of COVID-19 incidence and mortality rates and their relationship with socioeconomic indicators in the state of Piauí, Brazil: an ecological study, 2020-2021. Epidemiol Serv Saude. 2022 Sep 16;31(2):e20211150. https://doi.org:10.1590/S2237-96222022000200022
Marinelli NP, Albuquerque LPA, Sousa IDB, Batista FMA, Mascarenhas MDM, Rodrigues MTP. Evolution of indicators and service capacity at the beginning of the COVID-19 epidemic in Northeast Brazil, 2020. Epidemiol Serv Saude. 2020 Jun 3;29(3):e2020226. https://doi.org:10.5123/S1679-49742020000300008
Naylor CD, Boozary A, Adams O. Canadian federal-provincial/territorial funding of universal health care: fraught history, uncertain future. CMAJ. 2020 Nov 9;192(45):E1408-E1412. https://doi.org:10.1503/cmaj.200143
McGilton KS, Krassikova A, Wills A, Durante V, Yeung L, Vellani S, et al. Nurse Practitioners Navigating the Consequences of Directives, Policies, and Recommendations Related to the COVID-19 Pandemic in Long-Term Care Homes. J Appl Gerontol. 2022 Nov;41(11):2296-2306. https://doi.org:10.1177/07334648221110210
Jin J, Son YJ, Tate JA, Choi J. Challenges and Learning Needs of Nurse-Patients' Family Communication: Focus Group Interviews With Intensive Care Unit Nurses in South Korea. Eval Health Prof. 2022 Dec;45(4):411-419. https://doi.org:10.1177/01632787221076911
Kim HY, Oh IH, Lee J, Seon JY, Jeon WH, Park JS, et al. Policy Review and Modeling Analysis of Mitigation Measures for Coronavirus Disease Epidemic Control, Health System, and Disease Burden, South Korea. Emerg Infect Dis. 2021 Nov;27(11):2753-2760. https://doi.org:10.3201/eid2711.203779
Jeon Y, Kim Y. COVID-19: Protecting Health-Care Workers in South Korea. Disaster Med Public Health Prep. 2021 Jun 7:1-3. https://doi.org:10.1017/dmp.2021.165
de Koning ER, Boogers MJ, Beeres SL, Kramer ID, Dannenberg WJ, Schalij MJ. Managing Hospital Capacity: Achievements and Lessons from the COVID-19 Pandemic. Prehosp Disaster Med. 2022 Oct;37(5):600-608. https://doi.org:10.1017/S1049023X22001169
Niessen A, Teirlinck AC, McDonald SA, van der Hoek W, van Gageldonk-Lafeber R; RIVM COVID-19 epidemiology, surveillance group; Knol MJ. Sex differences in COVID-19 mortality in the Netherlands. Infection. 2022 Jun;50(3):709-717. https://doi.org:10.1007/s15010-021-01744-0
Linden K, Domgren N, Zaigham M, Sengpiel V, Andersson ME, Wessberg A. Being in the shadow of the unknown - Swedish women's lived experiences of pregnancy during the COVID-19 pandemic, a phenomenological study. Women Birth. 2022 Sep;35(5):440-446. https://doi.org:10.1016/j.wombi.2021.09.007
Jacobsson M, Härgestam M, Bååthe F, Hagqvist E. Organizational logics in time of crises: How physicians narrate the healthcare response to the Covid-19 pandemic in Swedish hospitals. BMC Health Serv Res. 2022 Jun 3;22(1):738. https://doi.org:10.1186/s12913-022-08094-z
Kisiel MA, Janols H, Nordqvist T, Bergquist J, Hagfeldt S, Malinovschi A, et al. Predictors of post-COVID-19 and the impact of persistent symptoms in non-hospitalized patients 12 months after COVID-19, with a focus on work ability. Ups J Med Sci. 2022 Aug 9;127. https://doi.org:10.48101/ujms.v127.8794
Ishikawa Y, Hifumi T, Otani N, Miyamichi R, Urashima M, Takeda S, et al. Relationship Between the Number of Patients Visiting Emergency Department and Tokyo Health System's Capacity During Early Stages of the First Wave of COVID-19. SN Compr Clin Med. 2020;2(11):2158-2160. https://doi.org:10.1007/s42399-020-00583-8
Aoki T, Matsushima M. The Ecology of Medical Care During the COVID-19 Pandemic in Japan: a Nationwide Survey. J Gen Intern Med. 2022 Apr;37(5):1211-1217. https://doi.org:10.1007/s11606-022-07422-7
Fotheringham P, Anderson T, Shaw M, Jewitt J, Storey H, Hutchings O, et al. Control of COVID-19 in Australia through quarantine: the role of special health accommodation (SHA) in New South Wales, Australia. BMC Public Health. 2021 Jan 27;21(1):225. https://doi.org:10.1186/s12889-021-10244-7
Jessup RL, Awad N, Beauchamp A, Bramston C, Campbell D, Semciw A, et al. Staff and patient experience of the implementation and delivery of a virtual health care home monitoring service for COVID-19 in Melbourne, Australia. BMC Health Serv Res. 2022 Jul 13;22(1):911. https://doi.org:10.1186/s12913-022-08173-1
Runacres F, Steele P, Hudson J, Bills M, Poon P. 'We couldn't have managed without your team': A collaborative palliative care response to the COVID-19 pandemic in residential aged care. Australas J Ageing. 2022 Mar;41(1):147-152. https://doi.org:10.1111/ajag.13013
Downloads
Publicado
Como Citar
Edição
Seção
Licença
Copyright (c) 2025 Acta Elit Salutis
Este trabalho está licenciado sob uma licença Creative Commons Attribution-NonCommercial-ShareAlike 4.0 International License.
Aviso de Direito Autoral Creative Commons
Política para Periódicos de Acesso Livre
Autores que publicam nesta revista concordam com os seguintes termos:
1. Autores mantém os direitos autorais e concedem à revista o direito de primeira publicação, com o trabalho simultaneamente licenciado sob a Licença Creative Commons Attribution que permite o compartilhamento do trabalho com reconhecimento da autoria e publicação inicial nesta revista.2. Autores têm autorização para assumir contratos adicionais separadamente, para distribuição não-exclusiva da versão do trabalho publicada nesta revista (ex.: publicar em repositório institucional ou como capítulo de livro), com reconhecimento de autoria e publicação inicial nesta revista.
3. Autores têm permissão e são estimulados a publicar e distribuir seu trabalho online (ex.: em repositórios institucionais ou na sua página pessoal) a qualquer ponto antes ou durante o processo editorial, já que isso pode gerar alterações produtivas, bem como aumentar o impacto e a citação do trabalho publicado (Veja O Efeito do Acesso Livre).
Licença Creative Commons
Esta obra está licenciada com uma Licença Creative Commons Atribuição-NãoComercial-CompartilhaIgual 4.0 Internacional, o que permite compartilhar, copiar, distribuir, exibir, reproduzir, a totalidade ou partes desde que não tenha objetivo comercial e sejam citados os autores e a fonte.
