Occurrence, risk factors and maternal-fetal outcomes in gestational diabetes mellitus: an integrative review
DOI:
https://doi.org/10.48075/aes.v10i2.35919Keywords:
Diabetes gestacional; Fatores de risco; Complicações na gravidez; Saúde materno-fetal; Revisão integrativaAbstract
Introduction: Gestational diabetes mellitus (GDM) is characterized by the onset of glycemic dysfunction during pregnancy and has a prevalence in Brazil of between 2.4% and 7.2%, with an increasing trend. It is a condition associated with significant risks to maternal and fetal health. Objective: To analyze the occurrence of GDM and its impact on maternal and fetal health. Methods: A bibliographic survey of articles published between 2019 and 2024 was conducted in PubMed, SciELO, and Scopus, using descriptors related to GDM and its maternal and fetal outcomes. Articles available in full in Portuguese and English were included. Results and discussion: A total of 2,496 studies were identified, of which 20 met the inclusion criteria after applying the eligibility criteria and reading them in full. High body mass index and advanced maternal age were the main risk factors identified. Among the fetal consequences, macrosomia, neonatal hypoglycemia, and, in the long term, a higher risk of type 2 diabetes and cardiovascular disease stood out. In pregnant women, a higher incidence of preeclampsia and premature birth was observed. Appropriate treatment, including lifestyle changes, insulin therapy, and/or oral hypoglycemic agents, proved essential to reduce complications. Final considerations: GDM is associated with significant adverse outcomes for both mother and fetus, and early diagnosis, continued monitoring, and effective therapeutic interventions are essential to minimize risks.
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