Caracterização do meio físico nas áreas de entorno das comunidades quilombolas da bacia do Rio Guaporé, Rondônia

Resumo

The characterization of the physical environment is fundamental to understanding the environmental dynamics of the quilombola communities in the Guaporé River Basin, in Rondônia. The region is home to five communities—Forte Príncipe de Beira, Santa Fé, Santo Antônio, Pedras Negras, and Jesus—all located near the main rivers and tributaries of the Guaporé, which directly influences their way of life. The study used datasets from the Brazilian Geological Survey (SGB), the National Water and Sanitation Agency (ANA), and the Brazilian Institute of Geography and Statistics (IBGE), processed using QGIS 3.40.10 software, to analyze the geological, pedological, and geomorphological aspects of the surroundings of these communities. From a geological perspective, they are situated within the Guaporé Sedimentary Basin, composed of Quaternary deposits of sand, silt, clay, and gravel, overlying crystalline rocks of the Costa Marques Intrusive Suite. This recent environment favors the formation of sandbars and changes in river courses. Regarding soils, Latosols predominate, accompanied by Gleysols, Argisols, and Plinthosols. Latosols reflect strong weathering and great depth, while Gleysols and Plinthosols indicate areas constantly influenced by water, highlighting the importance of local hydrological dynamics. Geomorphologically, the communities are located in the Guaporé Plains and Wetlands, flat areas that are periodically flooded. The relief favors activities such as fishing, extractivism, and floodplain agriculture, but also increases vulnerability to flooding, erosion, and damage to infrastructure. The integration of the data shows that quilombola occupation depends directly on the hydrographic network, which structures both the way of life and the environmental challenges faced by these communities. The results point to the need for public policies that take into account flood seasonality, soil fragility, and fluvial dynamics in territorial planning, land tenure regularization, and support for productive activities. Future studies incorporating land use and socio-environmental variables may further deepen the diagnosis for each community.